Chapter+27

=Option A: Human Nutrition and Health=


 * p274: Critical Considerations (protein-deficiency malnutrition)**

1. a. Africa (4.00 YLD/1000) b. all-round malnutrition due to drought and food shortages; land unsuitable to support dairy farming; farming meat may be too expensive.

2. a. Africa = 4.00 YLD/1000 (+/-0.05), W. Europe = 0.10 YLD/1000 (+/-0.05) % difference = 4.00/0.10 * 100 = 4000% difference

b. Increased food aid; Supplies of milk; Supplementation; Financial aid for farming; Reduce western demand for meat -> less pressure on land.

3. a. In all regions except Africa, there was a decrease in YLD/1000 between 1990 and 2000. b. Biggest improvement in S. & C. America. c. Possibly due to imported food products from the USA; Increased economic stability; Increase in agricultural production.

4. As the population grows, more demand is put on food supplies. Possible reversal of the trend (or worsening) in Africa, China & E. Asia as demand outstrips supply. Expect continued improvement in developed nations, though difference may be less apparent.


 * p275: Inquiry**

A. Saturated fats and CHD: http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20030304.htm, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm B. //cis//-fats preventing heart disease: C. Omega-3 fats promote brain development: http://www.badscience.net/?p=538 D. //trans//-fats are a major cause of CHD:http://www.fda.gov/FDAC/features/2003/503_fats.html


 * p276: Data-based question: saturated fats and coronary heart disease**

1. a. Simple plot - x = % calories as saturated fats, y = death rate due to CHD/100,000yr-1 More complicated: calculate proportion of deaths in each country due to CHD (CHD/All) and plot on y.

b. Outline the trend There is a general trend that suggests that increased intake of calories as saturated fat correlates with increased death rate due to CHD. There are some outlying results, such as Belgrade, which has a very high CHD death rate for its % sat-fat intake.
 * || % calories from saturated fat || CHD || All || CHD/All ||
 * E.Finland || 22 || 992 || 1727 || 0.57 ||
 * W. Finland || 19 || 351 || 1318 || 0.27 ||
 * Zutphen || 19 || 420 || 1175 || 0.36 ||
 * USA || 18 || 574 || 1088 || 0.53 ||
 * Slavonia || 14 || 214 || 1477 || 0.14 ||
 * Belgrade || 12 || 288 || 509 || 0.57 ||
 * Crevalcor || 10 || 248 || 1241 || 0.20 ||
 * Zrejanin || 10 || 152 || 1101 || 0.14 ||
 * Dalmatia || 9 || 86 || 758 || 0.11 ||
 * Crete || 9 || 9 || 543 || 0.02 ||
 * Montegiorgio || 9 || 150 || 1080 || 0.14 ||
 * Velika || 9 || 80 || 1078 || 0.07 ||
 * Rome || 8 || 290 || 1027 || 0.28 ||
 * Corfu || 7 || 144 || 764 || 0.19 ||
 * Ushibuka || 3 || 66 || 1248 || 0.05 ||

2. a. East and West Finland have comparable intakes of saturated fat (E = 22%, W = 19%). However E. Finland has a much higher proportion of death due to CHD(0.57, compared to 0.27). this may be due to different staple diets: W. Fin is coastal and one assumes a greater proportion of the diet is made up of fish and therefore fish oils. Landlocked E.Fin may have increased redmeat in their diet.

b. Both Crete and Montegiorgio have a very low intake of saturated fats (9%), though Montegiorgio has many more deaths due to CHD per year (150 compared to Crete's 9).

3. Evaluate the evidence from this survey for sat-fats as a cause of CHD: - there is a correlation between sat-fat intake and CHD death rate - the correlation is not particularly close to the best-fit line. Is the correlation strong enough? - correlation does not imply causality - we would need more evidence to suggest a causal link - are all saturated fats equally dangerous as risk factors in CHD? e.g. fish oils vs red meats.

p277.Critical Considerations 1. As long as the subjects are well informed as to the possible side effects, this would be considered ethical. 2. answers vary. some feel that subjects should not be injured just because they are paid. others feel that compensation is acceptable to help cover any injury. 3.answers vary. Some say animals are of less value than humans, others say that since animals can't participate in the decision it would be unacceptable. 4.answers vary.